Balancing the Rights of Patients and Medical Professionals - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 5 Words: 1641 Downloads: 8 Date added: 2017/06/26 Category Law Essay Type Analytical essay Tags: Medical Essay Did you like this example? Running Head: Balancing the Rights of Patients and Medical Professionals In the medical field, law and ethics play a vital role in the relationship between patients and medical professionals. Violation of these laws results in liability of the offender. Ethics considers the best interest of an individual and society. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Balancing the Rights of Patients and Medical Professionals" essay for you Create order It establishes and maintains a nature of obligations and duties. Biomedical ethics plays a significant role in guiding medical personnel on how to treat their patients. Medical [G1]professionals offer a critical service to the public and, as a result[G2], it is required of them to maintain certain principles and establish grounds for their own protection. The practice of ghost surgery goes against the ethical principles of the medical profession and, [G3]therefore, carries[G4] ethical and legal consequences. Ghost surgery occurs whenever the contracted medical doctor is not the one who carried out the actual surgery. Patients are usually unaware of the substitution due to being in an unconscious state. Medical institutions use this practice as a method of training medical students. This is done without the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s consent. The legal doctrine of informed consent stems from fundamental principles regarding individual autonomy and the fiduciary doctor-patient relat ionship (Kocher, 2002). It may also be used as protection for medical professionals. The practice of ghost surgery has raised great concerns to the public, and also in the legal and medical sector as to who is to be held liable for mishaps due to this practice. Key features of biomedical ethics are beneficence, non-maleficence, patient autonomy, justice, and veracity. Beneficence [G5]conveys the idea that healthcare professionals have a duty to act in regard to the benefits of patients. Non-maleficence questions the possible harm to the patient. In making decisions, the benefit to the patient should outweigh the harm. Patient autonomy is also important. Patients have the right to make their own decisions in respect to treatment and to have their confidentiality protected. Biomedical ethics establishes [G6]accepted standards of which medical professionals should uphold. Professional negligence of a medical professional committed whether by oversight or an act may result in unfortu nate outcomes such as injury or death of the patient. Such negligence is termed as medical malpractice and is usually due to failure to uphold these standards. Some of the most common and difficult ethical issues to navigate arise when the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s autonomous decision conflicts with the physicianà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s beneficent duty to look out for the patientà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s best interests (Pantilat, 2008). Legal cases such as Tunkl V. Regents of University of California and Shorter V. Drury illustrate scenarios in which some ethical issues between patient and medical professionals are contested. They illustrate examples of the conflicts that arise between patients and medical professionals. The case of Tunkl V. Regents of University of California attempted to establish grounds on which it is valid to release a charitable research hospital from being liable for future negligence. Hugo Tunkl was a patient who sued the hospital in an effort to redress the dam ages of personal injury due to the medical malpractice of two physicians employed by the hospital. Tunkl later died before the end of his case and was therefore substituted by his wife. The hospital had Tunkl sign a release stating that they are not liable for the medical malpractice of its employees. Upon signing this release, Tunkl was under sedation. The defendant stated that they are a charitable organization and was in no position to compensate any damages. The[G7] court ruled in favor of the Regents. [G8][G9] Another example of a case that challenged the ethics of phisicians and their responsibility to patients is the case between Shorter and Drury. This case was tried in the Supreme Court of Washington in 1985. This case involves a patient, Doreen Shorter who sought the medical attention of a medical practitioner Dr. Robert E. Drury. Doreen Shorter and her husband, Elmer Shorter were Jehovahà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s Witnessà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢ who were prohibited by her religion t o have blood transfusions. Dr. Drury examined Mrs. Shorter and discovered that she had a missed abortion. There were three possible methods of pursuing the require treatment for Mrs. Shorter. Two of these three methods would put her at a lower degree for the risk of bleeding. Without considering the principles of beneficence, non- maleficence and autonomy, Dr. Drury chose the method that placed Mrs. Shorter at a higher degree of bleeding. Upon experiencing persistent bleeding, Mrs. Shorter was adamant on not having a blood transfusion. Mrs. Shorter refused the recommendation of a blood transfusion and signed a contract that released the medical professionals from liabilities in the case mishaps. Mrs. Shorter died as a result of the medical malpractice, coupled with her religious belief. Her husband sued Dr. Drury for malpractice. The court ruled that Dr. Drury was held liable for his negligence. However, the court acknowledged that the death of Mrs. Shorter was not the sole cause of Dr. Drury. The court stated that seventy-five percent (75%) of the damages were due to the refusal of the deceased to have a blood transfusion. The plaintiff was awarded twenty-five (25%) of the verdict costs. In administering service to their patients, medical professionals should practice certain ethical principles to maintain the integrity of their profession and to assert respect and protection for the rights of their patients. Agreements or informed consent are adopted by healthcare providers as a method of protection. Informed consent doctrine has guided medical decision making by setting boundaries or the doctor-patient relationship. (Insert citation page 206 of text). It protects patients from unwanted medical treatment and the credits the medical professional written. Informed consent in the written format, along with stipulated conditions, is a good method of maintaining a [G10]balance between the rights of the patients and the needs medical community. In signin g any medical agreement, as in the case of contractual agreements, certain conditions should render the agreement valid or void. One such condition that should be considered is if the parties involved (especially the patient) are of a stable state of mind. In the case of Tunkl V. the Regents, the patient was in a fragile mental state and therefore, the agreement signed for the Conditions of Admission should not have be considered valid by the medical professionals to proceed with any medical procedure. The Regents should have ensured that the Conditions of Admission was signed when Mr.Tunkls mind was more stable rather than when he was influenced sedation.[G11] Such condition would be beneficial to the Regents given that they are in no position to offer redress to patients in the event of mishaps.[G12] The medical agreement in case of Shorter V. Drury may be considered valid as the parties involved were of a stable state of mind. The Shorters were adamant in refusing blood transf usion as treatment due to their religious beliefs. The doctors were not in any position to help save her life and as such, cannot be solely blamed for her death. The partial responsibility of her death is due[G13] to the malpractice of Dr. Drury. In this case, the judgment and ruling of the Supreme Court of Washington are understandable and may be considered fair[G14]. Dr. Druryà ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã¢â€ž ¢s failed to consider the harm of his choice of treatment for her initial condition of missed abortion. He failed to inform her of the other methods of treatment that would lower the severity of bleeding she would experience. As a result of this, Mrs. Shorter could not fully access her autonomy. The bioethical principles of autonomy and beneficence often pose conflicts in the relationship between patients and medical professionals. Examples of these conflicts are demonstrated in the cases of Tunkl V. The Regents of University of California and Shorter V. Drury. Patients, [G15]as well as me dical professionals, have a right to protection. [G16]Upholding medical principle and the implementation of agreements enables this protection. Failure to perform medical duties in accordance with these agreements should be evaluated in an effort to release or hold the medical professional(s) liable. Conditions that validate any legal contract; such as parties being of a conscious mind state, should also be used to validate the medical agreement. References Acute vs. Chronic. (n.d.). Retrieved from Diffen.com: https://www.diffen.com/difference/Acute_vs_Chronic Acute vs. chronic conditions. (n.d.). Retrieved from Medicine Plus: https://www.nlm.nih.gov/medlineplus/ency/imagepages/18126.htm Bhopal, R. (2002). Natural History, Spectrum, Iceberg, Poplulation Patterns, and Screening. In Concepts of Epidemiology (p. 138). Oxford University Press. CDC Global Noncommunicable Diseases (NCDs). (2014, September 29). Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/globalhealth/ncd/ Communicable Diseases . (n.d.). Retrieved from Global Health.gov: https://www.globalhealth.gov/global-health-topics/communicable-diseases/ Direct Contact and Indirect Disease Transmission. (2011, June). Retrieved from Delaware Health and Social Services: https://dhss.delaware.gov/dhss/dph/files/directindtranspi.pdf Diseases and Conditions Communicable Diseases. (n.d.). Retrieved from Wisconsin Department of Health Servic es: https://www.dhs.wisconsin.gov/disease/index.htm Kocher, S. M. (2002, January). Ghost Surgery: The Ethical and Legal Implications of Who Does the Operation. The Journal of Bone Joint Surgery. Pantilat, S. (2008). Autonomy vs. Beneficence. Retrieved from UCSF.edu: https://missinglink.ucsf.edu/lm/ethics/Content Pages/fast_fact_auton_bene.htm Quarantine and Isolation. (2014, January 15). Retrieved from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://www.cdc.gov/quarantine/ What is Chronic Disease? (2011). Retrieved from The Center for Managing Chronic Disease: https://cmcd.sph.umich.edu/what-is-chronic-disease.html WHO: Noncommunicable diseases. (2014). Retrieved from World Health Organization: https://www.who.int/mediacentre/factsheets/fs355/en/ 1 [G1]Inserted: a [G2]Inserted: , [G3]Inserted: , [G4]Inserted: , [G5]Inserted: , [G6]Inserted: es [G7]Inserted: z [G8]Deleted:s [G9]Deleted:u [G10]Inserted: a [G11]Inserted: g [G12]Deleted:g [G13]Inserted: The p [G14]Inserted: are [G15]Inserted: , [G16]Inserted: ,

Gettysburg the Speech - 1357 Words

tysburg[Name of the Writer] [Name of Instructor] [Subject] [Date] The Gettysburg Address Introduction Gettysburg Address is one of the important dictations of values that provided much needed direction for the future leadership of the United States. It shaped the societal values and beliefs of the country. This assertion can be affirmed with the speech s enduring presence in the US culture. Notwithstanding its noticeable place cut into stone units on the south divider of the Lincoln Memorial in Washington, D.C., the Gettysburg Address is every now and again pointed to in works of popular culture. With the understood motive that contemporary crowds can be acquainted with Lincoln s expressions. The Gettysburg Address is an†¦show more content†¦The Text of the Gettysburg Address Soon after Everett s overall-appropriated comments, Lincoln gave his address that lasted only a couple of minutes. In this short time, he used ten sentences to aptly summarize the war and the way ahead for the United States. The five known composition copies of the Gettysburg Address are named for the individuals who obtained it from Lincoln. Lincoln provides a copy to his private secretaries, John Hay and John Nicolay. Both of the aforementioned copies were composed around the time of his November 19 address, while the other three duplicates of the speech, the Bliss, Bancroft, and Everett duplicates, and were composed by President Lincoln for philanthropic purposes. These copies were sent well later to November 19, the actual date of the famous address. Since then these copies have ended up being the standard content of Lincoln s Gettysburg Address (LoC, 2012). Both the Nicolay and Hay duplicates of the Address are inside the Library of Congress. It is enclosed in exceptionally manufactured, temperature-regulated; argon gas filled and sealed containers. The idea is to ensure that the original copy is safe from gradual continued deterioration and oxidation (LoC, 2012). Conclusion In the numerous eras that have passed since theShow MoreRelatedSpeech Analysis : Gettysburg Address1006 Words   |  5 Pagesp 4 Mrs. Bower April 4, 2017 Speech Analysis of â€Å"Gettysburg Address† â€Å"Fourscore and seven years ago†¦Ã¢â‚¬  The infamous words spoken in Gettysburg, Pennsylvania on November 19, 1863 by the one and only Abraham Lincoln. Many people know and use these opening words but have never heard more of the speech. President Lincoln write this speech to dedicate hallowed ground to those brave American soldiers we lost at the Battle of Gettysburg during the Civil War. 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Functions of Arts Essay Example For Students

Functions of Arts Essay Art as propaganda to sell ideas, feelings, objects. 12. Art to define and reflect the current times and culture. 3. Art to redefine 14. Art to express and explore personal feelings and ideas. Categories of Functions of Art: A. Personal Functions Of Art 1. Art and psychological expression Visual images preceded Mitten language as a means Of communication. 2. Love, sex and marriage TWO lovers, a marriage, pregnancy, a mother and child, elderly couples, intergenerational images, all reflect on the personal function of themes most central to our lives as family members. . Death and morbidity Death fascinates and frightens us; we cannot solve its mysteries. Yet we continue to contemplate and hypothesize what we will find on the other side of death. 4. Artistic Expressions of Illness The expression of love in modern art may be sentimental or cynical (usually the latter), but when it comes to illness and disease we see a frank, almost clinical kind tot imagery 5. Spiritual Concern Religious art usually expresses collective ideas about human life in relation to the divine. . Aesthetic Expression Aesthetic needs and impulses are not the specialized interest of some elite; everyone is concerned with what is beautiful or pleasing. B. Social Functions of 1. It influences a human group 2. It is made to be seen or used in public situations. 3. It describes aspects of life shared by all as opposed to personal kinds of experience. C. Physical Functions Of Art 1. Architecture: The Dwelling It specializes in custom residential, commercial and community planning projects. Our responsibility is not limited to the specific project but the surrounding environment, and we strive to design each commission to complement and enhance the surrounding street, neighborhood and community. 2. The Crafts and Industrial Design Is the use of a combination of applied art and applied science to improve the aesthetics, functionality, and usability of a product, but it may also be used to improve the products marketability and production. FIVE INTERESTING FACTS ABOUT ART 1. Pablo Picasso was baptized Pablo Diego Joss © Francisco De Paula Juan Omnipotence Maria De Los Remedied Cyprian De la Assassins Trinidad Martyr Patricia Clio Iris y Picasso. The name contains 23 words and honors various saints and relatives. 2. Pablo Picasso was considered a suspect in the theft of Mona Lisa in 1311. He was arrested and questioned after his friend Gallinule Billionaire pointed a finger at Picasso. 80th were later cleared and released. 3. Vincent Van Gogh produced more than 2000 works during his life time: apron 900 paintings and 100 drawings and sketches. Although he is now considered one of the greatest artists Of all times he was undervalued and only sold one painting during his life time. 4. Leonardo Ad Vinci was left handed and his personal notes were written in mirror writing starting from the right side of the page to the left. 5. Leonardo Ad Vinci started painting Mona Lisa in 1504 or 1505 and finished only shortly before he died in 1519. Some reports say that it took him 10 years to perfect Mona Aliass lips.

Presentation of the Problem Samples for Students †MyAssignmenthelp.co

Question: Discuss about the Presentation of the Problem. Answer: Presentation of the case (main actors, company and context) As per the given case, main actors include Joseph Ulan also simply referred to as Joe happens to be chief marketing officer of the telecom operating company Meridicom. Apart from Joe, the other important actors are CEO Gerald Segner, Adam Dupree responsible for landline and Emeline Richard accountable for Briadband as well as Frank Lopez for Mobile. There are essentially two different companies under consideration namely Meridicom and the TelZip. Meridicom is one of the biggest players in the telecommunication industry and is regarded as the industry price leader from the perspective of published rates. Analysis of the given case reveals that the Meridicom is one of the most well-known brands in the nation and even in Europe and their clientele are aware about the overall quality of the brand (Waddington 2014). Again, the other important company presented in the case is the TelZip that is a new player that happens to enter into the market. As such, TelZip is a small sized mobile network operator that intends to enter into new and emerging markets. Presentation of the problem or the dilemma TelZip is a small player in the telecommunication that intends to enter into novel markets. Themanagement of this company has decided to be deliver free broad-brand service to different business clients who were willing to leave the present provider and enter into a long-term agreement (Peng 2013). As the oldest as well as the major telecommunication players in the market, Meridicom can be considered to be very tough in the market that has the experience of gaining competitive edge among both new as well as old contender (Freedman 2015). However, for altering the game, the company Telzip is taking up a good deal to acquire superior rate of growth and superior rate of margin and bothering Meridicom. Therefore, themanagement of Meridicom is facing the dilemma whether to match the price of the competitor that is of TelZip. Presentation of different alternatives and the pros and cons for each alternative Themanagement of the corporation Meridicom might possibly consider different alternative plans for thriving the challenge posed by the TelZip. Essentially, the administration of the firm Meridicom might possibly take into consideration limiting the overall responses to different product region and is under attack (Waddington 2014). As an alternative, the management can introduce another battlefield that has a comparatively lower level of risk of cannibalization. Lets say, the managers of the leading company might consider fighting back and attacking mobile service providers where they have around 5% of market share (Peng 2013). In addition to this,management of the firm might also consider not only the level of prices but also the reactions of the price model. In this case, this kind of move might probably be regarded as the move that can satisfy the requirements of the customers without putting the firms profits at risk (Baker 2014). For instance, a telecom operator Swisscom switched their business model from the pay per minute to a model that is based on pay per call system of pricing. This is the way the management of the corporation might consider for defending its leading position in the market of Switzerland. In addition to this, the management of Meridicom might also possibly consider acquiring advantage of the overall breadth of the portfolio. Again, attractive bundles along with discount models can also be designed for attracting new clients and for retention of old clientele (Eden and Ackermann 2013). Apart from this, Meridicom might also consider developing modern as well as customer-centric corporations. Opinion on solving the problem Diverse experts have presented viewpoints for solving the identified problem of the case. The chief marketing officer Joe might consider designing campaigns aimed at spreading dread, doubt, and uncertainty regarding the offer of free broadband. This way can assist the business of Meridicom in getting to a position of getting a reliable partner (Madsen and Walker 2015). Besides this, management of Meridicom can consider driving the overall profitability of the business by associating with a technology partner that can assist them in becoming ready for the challenges posed by the TelZip. Experts are also of the view that Meridicom can avert the business challenges by bundling all the services of the company that include landline, mobile as well as broadband for diverse business clientele at a discounted rate. However, in order to get a special pricing scheme, all the partakers might consider signing a long term agreement. Nevertheless, there are several strategists who are of the view that management of Meridicom can consider a valid strategy of doing nothing. Furthermore, administration of Meridicom can take into consideration utilization of different approaches that include integration of product, proper invoicing, and single contact node and allied loyalty programs. Explanation of why the preferred solution is the best The preferred solution of considering alternative strategies other than matching prices of different small competitors is regarded as the best (Johnson et al. 2013). Tools for describing key strategic issues The administration can utilize effective strategic tools such as TQM tools, fishbone diagram in addition to consensus decision making for strategic issues orienting the pricing issue of the new entrants. The strategic tools can help in identification of different target audience, evaluation of the needs of the customers, analysis of the competition and brainstorming of diverse ideas (Grant 2016). Appropriateness as well as effectiveness of preferred solution The preferred solution of not matching with the price level of small competitors can be said to be appropriate as well as effective. This is because price wars can become economically devastating and at the same time can lead to situations that are psychologically debilitating (Waddington 2014). Thus, it can exert unexpected toll on a specific individual, a specific business concern, and profitability in industry. References Baker, M.J., 2014.Marketing strategy and management. Palgrave Macmillan. Eden, C. and Ackermann, F., 2013.Making strategy: The journey of strategic management. Sage. Freedman, L., 2015.Strategy: A history. Oxford University Press. Grant, R.M., 2016.Contemporary Strategy Analysis Text Only. John Wiley Sons. Johnson, G., Whittington, R., Scholes, K., Angwin, D. and Regnr, P., 2013.Exploring strategy text cases(Vol. 10). Pearson. Madsen, T.L. and Walker, G., 2015.Modern competitive strategy. McGraw Hill. Peng, M.W., 2013.Global strategy. Cengage learning. Waddington, C.H., 2014.The strategy of the genes(Vol. 20). Routledge.

10 Facts About Spanish Prepositions

10 Facts About Spanish Prepositions Here are 10 facts about Spanish prepositions that will come in handy as you learn the language. 1. A preposition is a part of speech that is used to connect a noun with another part of a sentence. That noun - or noun substitute such as a pronoun, infinitive or phrase acting like a noun - is known as a prepositional object. Unlike interjections and verbs, prepositions cannot stand alone; they are always used with objects. 2. Prepositions, preposiciones in Spanish, are called that because they are positioned before objects. In Spanish this is always true. Except perhaps in some kind of poetry where the rules of word order are discarded, the prepositional object always follows the preposition. This is in contrast with English, where it is possible to place a preposition at the end of a sentence, especially in questions such as Whom are you going with? In translating that sentence to Spanish, the preposition con must come before quià ©n, the word for who or whom in a question:  ¿Con quià ©n vas? 3. Prepositions can be simple or compound. The most common Spanish prepositions are simple, meaning that theyre made up of one word. Among them are a (often meaning to), de (often meaning from), en (often meaning in or on), para (often meaning for) and por (often meaning for). Compound prepositions should be thought of as a single unit even though made up of two or more words. Among them are delante de (usually meaning in front of) and debajo de (usually meaning underneath). 4. Phrases beginning with a preposition usually function like adjectives or adverbs. Two examples of adjectival usage, with prepositions in boldface: En el hotel hay mucho ruido durante la noche. (In the hotel there is much noise during the night. The phrase provides a description of ruido, a noun.) Comprà © la comida en el refrigerador. (I bought the food in the refrigerator.) The same adverbial phrases used as adverbs: Ella se levantà ³ durante la noche. (She got up during the night. The phrase describes how the action of the verb, se levantà ³, was performed.) Puse la comida en  el  refrigerador. (I put the food in the refrigerator.) 5. Numerous fixed phrases that include a preposition can also function as prepositions. For example, the phrase a pesar de means in spite of and like simpler prepositions must be followed by a noun or noun substitute: A pesar de la crisis, tengo mucho dinero. (In spite of the crisis, I have a lot of money.) 6. Spanish frequently uses phrases with a preposition in situations where English speakers often use adverbs. For example, youre more likely to hear phrases such as de prisa or a toda prisa to mean hurriedly than an adverb such as apresuradamente. Other common adverbial phrases among the hundreds in existence include en broma (jokingly), en serio (seriously), por cierto (certainly) and por fin (finally). 7. Meanings of prepositions can be vague and highly dependent on context, so the meanings of Spanish and English prepositions frequently dont line up well. For example, the preposition a, while often meaning to, can also mean by, at or even off to. Similarly, the English to can be translated not only as a, but also as sobre, de, hacia and contra. 8. The most confusing prepositions for Spanish students are often por and para. Thats because both are frequently translated as for. The rules become complicated, but one quick tip that covers many situations is that por often refers to a cause of some sort while para often refers to a purpose. 9. When a sentence opens with a prepositional phrase that modifies the meaning of the entire sentence, that phrase is followed by a comma. This is common with phrases that reflect the speakers attitude toward what is said. Example: Sin embargo, prefiero escuchar lo que dicen. (Nevertheless, I prefer to hear what they say.) 10. The prepositions entre and segà ºn use subject pronouns rather than object pronouns. So the equivalent of according to me is segà ºn yo (not using the me you might expect). Similarly, between you and me is entre yo y tà º (me and ti arent used).

What You Should Know About Econometrics

What You Should Know About Econometrics There are many ways to define econometrics, the simplest of which is that they are statistical methods used by economists to test hypotheses using real-world data. More specifically, it quantitatively analyzes economic phenomena in relation to current theories and observations in order to make concise assumptions about large data sets. Questions like Is the value of the Canadian dollar correlated to oil prices? or Does fiscal stimulus really boost the economy? can be answered by applying econometrics to datasets on Canadian dollars, oil prices, fiscal stimulus, and metrics of economic well-being. Monash University defines econometrics as a set of quantitative techniques that are useful for making economic decisions while The Economists Dictionary of Economics defines it as the setting up of mathematical models describing mathematical models describing economic relationships  (such as that the quantity demanded of a good is dependent positively on income and negatively on price), testing the validity of such hypotheses and estimating the parameters in order to obtain a measure of the strengths of the influences of the different independent variables. The Basic Tool of Econometrics: Multiple Linear Regression Model Econometricians use a variety of simple models in order to observe and find correlation within large data sets, but the most essential of these is the multiple linear regression model, which functionally predicts the value of the two dependent variables as a function of the independent variable. Visually, the multiple linear regression model can be viewed as a straight line through data points that represent paired values of the dependent and independent variables. In this, econometricians attempt to find estimators that are unbiased, efficient, and consistent in predicting the values represented by this function. Applied econometrics, then, uses these theoretical practices to observe real-world data and formulate new economic theories, forecast future economic trends, and develop new econometric models which establish a basis for estimating future economic events as they relate to the data set observed. Using Econometric Modeling to Evaluate Data In tandem with the multiple linear regression model, econometricians use a variety of econometric models to study, observe, and form concise observations of large data sets. The â€Å"Economics Glossary† defines an econometric model as one â€Å"formulated so that its parameters can be estimated if one makes the assumption that the model is correct.† Basically, econometric models are observational models that allow for quickly estimating future economic trends based on current estimators and exploratory data analysis. Econometricians often use these models to analyze systems of equations and inequalities such as the theory of supply and demand equilibrium or predicting how a market will change based off of economic factors like the actual value of domestic money or the sales tax on that particular good or service. However, since econometricians cannot typically use controlled experiments, their natural experiments with data sets lead to a variety of observational data issues including variable bias and poor causal analysis that leads to misrepresenting correlations between dependent and independent variables.

Cause and Effects of Obestity In America Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Cause and Effects of Obestity In America - Essay Example There are increased risk in medical conditions when a person is obese than when they are healthy. Inactivity and food that people consume are the main cause of obesity. The disease is common in all American races and cultures. Over a period, exercise among Americans has reduced tremendously. Children play video games instead of the traditional games while other individuals use cars instead of walking (National Institute of Health). This lack of exercise leads to an increase in fat deposition in the body over time that causes the individuals to be obese. The foods that Americans consume lead to the high rise of obesity. Most families experience financial pressures and have less time to prepare them hence consume fast food that are having high-fat content and calories. Other causes may also be genetics, overeating and slow metabolism (Stern & Alexandra 19). Being obese has both psychological and health effect on an individual. In the health matters, the scientist has evidence that obesity increases the risk of certain diseases such as type 2 diabetes mellitus, heart disease, hypertension and stroke (Weiting 545). Hence, the condition leads to reduced life expectancy among obese individuals. Obesity has a psychological effect on affected individual especially children that may continue to their adult life. Most of the obese individuals are depressed, have low self-esteem and easily engage in drug abuse. These psychological effects are common among obese kids who find themselves left out in activities with other kids (Freedman

Retailing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

Retailing - Essay Example Their major focus is on loyalty to customer from wide demographic market segment that caters constantly to their changing preferences. Kotler and Armstrong (2009) have described marketing as major component of business strategy that helps to meet the changing needs and requirements of the people profitably. The success of LuLu Hypermarkets shows that it understands changing consumer psychology. It continuously strives to update its products line with that of the changing public demands. By introducing latest products and excellent services at competitive prices, it has earned significant customer loyalty that prefer to shop here than elsewhere. LuLu has earned market credibility mainly because of its efforts to maintain high quality of its in-house brands and at the same time, providing its customers with wide range of branded products from across the world, thus promoting customer satisfaction. The main reason it has earned customer loyalty is by providing them with unique shopping experience. Through strategic business alliances, it has considerably increased its organizational capabilities to meet the challenges of cut throat business. Scholars have asserted that creating values for customer has become the need of the hour (Gabriel, 2005:14). LuLu’s retail strategy has also used customers’ preferences as its major objective to forge business liaisons and partnership so it can cater to the demands of its diverse customers coming from different market segments. Thus, value creation for its customers through customized services and quality has become its hallmark. LuLu hypermarkets are spread over very large areas keeping in mind all conceivable needs of customers coming from diverse background. They even have banking counters for money exchange and provide shoppers with huge facilities like convenient parking, playground for children, cafeteria. The chic and friendly ambience of ultra

Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Research Paper Example T. S. Eliot once wrote about the nature of writing and that in the act of writing, the past and the present merge. Gaiman creates worlds in which the past and the present come together in order to examine modern life in relationship to those belief systems that have come before and have influences on the present. Without the use of past texts in order to create his fantastical works, Gaiman’s work would not connect on the level that it currently does and not have the essence of human existence that is reflected in his work. Influence One of the things a good reader will notice about well written fiction is that it is founded on influences that are highly recognizable and filled with wonder that extends the work rather than burdening it with the words of others. Sometimes popular fiction will suddenly make a reference that has little meaning but adds a bit of pop culture flavor to the writing. This does not always enhance the writing, but will sometimes burden the reader as the y try to decide what the author means and why it was necessary to increase the value of the writing. In the case of a really good writer, however, references from all time periods will flow into the work, creating depth and meaning that expands upon the writing rather than weighting it down. This is the skill with which Neil Gaiman delights his readers. Gaiman uses mythologies in order to expand the universes in which he places his stories. By referencing the worlds of ancient texts, he is enriching his work while giving it a very modern sense of the mythical world. The questions that are asked by using these worlds are answered through modernized prose in which vernacular language and modernized events are connected to aspects of the myths that he is using to enrich his work. Much of what is reflected in his work comes from Greek myths. The sense of multiple gods and complex mythologies, combined with emotions that are translated into the actions of those representing god-like mani festations provides an interesting backdrop to the work he creates. T. S. Elliot worked as an unassuming bank clerk by day, but by night was forging literary greatness as he created works that have inspired generations. Bloom writes that â€Å"Elliot’s aim was to compose an extended collection of poems that would denounce modern civilization and capture the disillusionment of his postwar generation† (Bloom 4). In discussing literature, the following quote can be attributed to him: Tradition is a matter of much wider significance. It cannot be inherited, and if you want it you must obtain it by great labour. It involves, in the first place, the historical sense, which we may call nearly indispensable to anyone who would continue to be a poet beyond his twenty-fifth year; and the historical sense involves a perception, not only of the pastness of the past, but of its presence; the historical sense compels a man to write not merely with his own generation in his bones, bu t with a feeling that the whole of the literature of Europe from Homer and within it the whole of the literature of his own country has a simultaneous existence and composes a simultaneous order (Eliot and Kermode 38). In a way, Eliot was commenting on the nature of time in that it is not so much a linear concept, but a loop in which all things of the past are present in how life is conducted. What was written in the past influences how what is written today manifests. Without mythologies of the past, the present has no real depth. A

What About Me Self Assessment Of Personality Nursing Essay

What About Me Self Assessment Of Personality Nursing Essay What type of personality do I have? What kind of values do I hold? What motivates me? After completing the first section of the self-assessment, I have a better insight into the world inside my head. Sometimes that can be a frightening place, but that information can be very valuable when determining what jobs are right for me. I began my journey by reviewing my personality insights. My basic personality is highlighted with traits such as being responsible and dependable along with being assertive and persistent. I am moderately trusting, cooperative, and imaginative. I have a Type-A personality with a Jungian 16-type personality of ESPF meaning that I am spontaneous, generous, and sociable. When I look at my job in terms of my personality, I begin to understand my managers perception of my work. He has told me that I am very dependable, dedicated, and detail oriented. When I work in the warehouse, he knows that he does not have to worry about the quality of my performance and knows that the warehouse will be well maintained. Within the past year, he gave me the opportunity to cross-train with technicians and to broaden my knowledge. My manager said that he is trying to help me to be more valuable and marketable to the owners of the company. Knowing that my manager cares about my stability and tenure with the company helps me to have a better outlook and attitude toward the company which moves me to the next step of my journey. This portion of my self-assessment gave me a chance to look at my values and attitude. Pride in accomplishment, knowledge and wisdom, and satisfaction in life are at the top of my terminal values while prosperity and wealth are at the bottom. My top instrumental values are assertiveness, dependability, and self-sufficiency. I was surprised to discover that open-mindedness and honesty were at the bottom of my list. Additionally, I am optimistic in workplace diversity and involved in my job; however, I learned that I am not very satisfied working for my employer. In an attempt to understand his employees and learn more about them, my manager has taken us individually to breakfast away from work so that we could be open and candid. We used the time to speak freely and discuss any issue. Having the chance to meet with my manager and to speak without restrictions has helped me to hold a different view toward our work situation. Before our meeting, my manager had realized that some of my job dissatisfaction has come from not being able to ignore some of the companys unethical business practices. He discussed his concern about the business practices and informed me that he is addressing those concerns with upper management. As I moved further along, this journey brought me to the inspiration of my motivation. I have high existence needs with achievement at the top of my dominant needs list, and my main dominant needs include my desire to excel and desire to work with minimal supervision. Along with these needs, I hold strong values. Some of my values include better pay, more vacation time, strong feelings of job security, and chances to advance. Even though I have a varying view of other people, I tend to enjoy watching very successful people fail. When a person acts as though he is better and more deserving than others, it is nice to see a humbling experience bring him back to reality. I have a moderately high outlook on my jobs motivating potential and I am confident in my abilities to be successful. Although my manager has no control over giving me more vacation time, he uses some of the other values to help build morale and motivate his department. He gave me a chance to advance and learn additional skills which has helped me to earn a pay raise. That raise has motivated me to increase the quality of my work especially since I was the only person in the company to receive a raise because of the poor economy. Eventually I was able to take a peek into my decision making insights. I discovered that I usually do not procrastinate. Instead, I try to be more proactive and strive to keep stronger ethics than most people. I feel that business decisions should involve a moral philosophy and that business ethics are not just for public relations. Unfortunately, not everyone in my company holds the same ethical values. My manager strives to guide his department toward good ethical values so that we can set an example for the remainder of the company. He holds us accountable for doing what is right. As I watch him trying to guide other managers and their departments to have higher ethical standards, I gain more respect for him. And, with that gain of respect, I feel even more motivated to help him in his quest for better business ethics. Finally, I was able to study other traits that I possess. I learned that I am good at personal planning. I have realistic goals for my future, have a plan for completing my major, and am proactive instead of reactive. Another trait that I possess is high Emotional Intelligence which shows that I may be successful in a position that requires interpersonal skills. Other traits that I have are showing initiative, taking action, and persevering. During my latest employee evaluation, my supervisor characterized me as having these personality traits, and I agree. As I compare myself to other employees, I realize that I am extremely dependable, knowledgeable, and dedicated to my job. According to my supervisor, the owners of the company know that I am passionate about my job and believe that I am a valuable asset to the company. Although I am successful at anything that I attempt, my manager said that I am a perfect fit for the warehouse lead position and should be able to succeed as a warehouse manager when I finish my degree. I am enthusiastic about my job and strive for perfection. I am also very critical about someone else trying to complete my job. I am currently on a three month medical leave and already know that there will be a disaster waiting for me to correct when I return. A key to my motivation is helping me to visualize my importance in the company and showing trust in my abilities and intelligence. My manager is beginning to learn this key to help improve my motivation. He shows his confidence in my abilities by utilizing minimal supervision. He is learning that if he gives me the space and ability to work independently I will be more motivated and will give more effort and quality work. The first portion of the self-assessment journey has been very interesting. I was not surprised to discover the results of the tests. My motivation and confidence helps me to reinforce my values, attitude, and ethics. Eventually, I will be ready to acquire more responsibilities and continue to climb the corporate ladder. Self-Assessment Library Report I.A.1. Whats My Basic Personality? Your scores are: Score1: 12 Score2: 11 Score3: 15 Score4: 11 Score5: 10 I.A.2. Whats My Jungian 16-Type Personality? Your score is: ESFP I.A.3. Am I a Type-A? Your score is: 108 I.A.4. How Well Do I Handle Ambiguity? Your score is: 22 How Creative Am I? Your score is: 9 I.B.1. What Do I Value? Your scores are: Score1: 3 Score2: 2 Score3: 9 Score4: 1 Score5: 10 Score6: 5 Score7: 4 Score8: 8 Score9: 6 Score10: 7 Score11: 1 Score12: 7 Score13: 2 Score14: 8 Score15: 3 Score16: 5 Score17: 10 Score18: 4 Score19: 9 Score20: 6 I.B.2. How Involved Am I In My Job? Your score is: 34 I.B.3. How Satisfied Am I With My Job? Your score is: 54 I.B.4. What Are My Attitudes Toward Workplace Diversity? Your score is: 24 I.C.1. What Motivates Me? Your scores are: Score1: 16 Score2: 13 Score3: 19 I.C.2. What are My Dominant Needs? Your scores are: Score1: 25 Score2: 12 Score3: 21 Score4: 15 I.C.3. What Rewards Do I Value Most? Your scores are: Score1: 5 Score2: 4 Score3: 5 Score4: 5 Score5: 4 Score6: 4 Score7: 4 Score8: 5 Score9: 5 Score10: 4 I.C.4. Whats My View on the Nature of People? Your score is: 21 I.C.5. What are My Course Performance Goals? Your score is: 12 I.C.6. How Confident Am I In My Abilities to Succeed? Your score is: 22 I.C.7. Whats My Attitude Toward Achievement? Your scores are: Score1: 50 Score2: 47 I-C-8. Whats My Jobs Motivating Potential? Your score is: 200 I-C-9. Do I Want an Enriched Job? Your score is: 4.1 I-D-1. Am I a Procrastinator? Your score is: 1 I-D-2. How Do My Ethics Rate? Your scores are: Score1: 1 Score2: 1 Score3: 4 Score4: 2 Score5: 1 Score6: 1 Score7: 1 Score8: 4 Score9: 2 Score10: 1 Score11: 1 Score12: 2 Score13: 1 Score14: 2 Score15: 5 I.E.1. Whats My Emotional Intelligence Score? Your score is: 39 I.E.2. What Time of Day Am I Most Productive? Your score is: 33 I.E.3. How Good Am I at Personal Planning? Your scores are: Score1: 5 Score2: 4 Score3: 4 Score4: 5 Score5: 5 Score6: 5 I.E.4. Am I Likely to Become an Entrepreneur? Your score is: 104

Economic Freedom Vs. Interdependence :: essays research papers

Economic freedom cannot be fully instated as long as interdependence exists. The reasoning for this is that interdependence directly effects economic freedom. The basic idea in these two terms is options. Economic freedom means having unlimited and unrestricted options, while interdependence equals limited options. It is impossible for these two ideas to completely coexist to the entirety of their definitions. The government is forever creating and amending rules, regulations, and laws, which constitutes in limiting economic choices and options. Economic freedom is the aspect of choice. It is a concept that allows each individual to fully choose exactly how they use their money while having unlimited options when making economic decisions, with the advantage of unbounded possibilities. If there were unlimited options, it would mean that anything that is desired should be able to become reality. With the absence of restrictions, having unlimited options allows individuals to act independently with their decisions. Interdependence, relating to the consumer, is practically the opposite of economic freedom. Interdependence means limited options and added restrictions. With interdependence, the choices the consumer makes and the options he has are dependent on the decisions made by others. They could be other consumers, entrepreneurs, or the government. Laws, taxes, and the role of Alan Greenspan are also part of this idea. Interdependence means that all the consumer's economic decisions are out of his control because they depend on the decisions of others. Based on this definition, interdependence and economic freedom are opposing concepts. The concepts are similar in that they are both economic terms that entail a system of making decisions based on the consumer. Both also deal with the concept of options. However, that is also exactly how they are different. It is like two sides of a coin, one is for options, and one is against them. Economic freedom is all about unlimited options; therefore, it could not possibly coexist with a governing that relies on limiting options. Achieving complete economic freedom depends on interdependence and what limits are being set. It is possible that both concepts could coexist in a watered down state, like a compromise. There may be a variety of choices in one area for the consumer, but not in another area. It is also possible that complete economic freedom does not exist. In the American economy, the government is the main source of interdependence, but without the government, America's economy would be shattered.

A Summary of UN Handbook on Gender Training

In the topic, WHY GENDER MATTERS, METHOLOGY, the proper approaches to Peace Support Operations is captured clearly. Any personnel engaged in Peace Support Operations should be at home with them in order to achieve an effective result.There is a strong need for the personnel to understand the interconnecting strands that underlines the military, political, economic and social life of the community of the operations in order to improve relation with members.   Understanding that communities consist of different people with different needs and priorities will help the personnel to improve on the planning of responses thus facilitating overall achievement of mission target. In all,   an increased level of sustainable peace should be the target.Furthermore, the FOUR CASE STUDIES open up vistas on the need for enlightenment. The Iraq case study shows that in order to save life, there is the need to recognise women's roles and responsibilities in a crisis situation. Men alone could not have been assigned to distribute food items.Also the rights of the community of operations should be protected as seen in the Cambodian case study. Peacekeeping missions should avoid creating negative atmosphere in the host communities by laying down clear policies and practices based on respect for human rights. Similarly, for effective conditions for peace and stability to be created, no organisation should be overlooked. For instance, after 28 yrs of violence and ethnic conflict, Sudanese women came together to stop the violence through a peace conference which is a non-violent approach to inter-tribal conflict.This shows the fact that women's organisations are also key to establishing peace and should not be overlooked. The fourth case study throws more light on enhancing the people's ability to deal with crisis and rebuilding society. It goes further to state that women and men feel and participate in conflict differently.Their experiences have a role to play in post war era. F or instance in Colombia, many rural communities had a lot of examples wherein women were restricted to the houses, men did all the running around. The implication   is that in the case of eventual displacement to urban areas, the women survived more with their skills than men. The women turned their domestic skills into jobs.Note that during crises or wars, gender perspective must be applied to the Peace Support Operations. There is the need to understand what gender perspective does and does not involve in such Peace Support Operations. While women should not be focused on exclusively, there is need to look at the inequalities and differences between women and men. That will enable resources, which focus on women's peculiar needs, to be mapped out. Also the operation does not concern itself with treating women only as a vulnerable group.There is the need to note that any of the genders can be harmed. However, women need not be reduced to victims. Peacekeeping must consider the in equalities and differences between women and men thereby structuring resources to that effect. This will enable an easy check on overall impact of the intervention strategies.Again, the PSO should note that men and women differ in their thinking   and should not focus only on employment equity issues within organisations rather should recognises that equal opportunities for women within organisations is only one aspect of a concern for gender equality. A criticism to this is that there is no clear way of measuring the amount of attention given to women. It may be over done.In FILLING THE GAPS: A VIRTUAL DISCUSSION ON GENDER, PEACE AND SECURITY RESEARCH, ten key recommendations were made by   90 academics and research professional drawn from across various fields in Oct 2008, The dialogued for three weeks.Their recommendations bothered basically on identifying gaps in gender, peace and security research and efforts to fill up such lacunae through effective research methods and to ols. However, the group should clearly understand that there is often a wide gap between theories or research and practical life situations. While life is larger than logic, all efforts are always geared towards bridging that.There is a link between feminism, militarism and human right. It could be extrapolated from the laid out facts in the four treated topics. While every human being deserves his/her fundamental human rights and privileges, that of the women folk should not be viewed from any less spectrum at all. Military officials, who are often peacekeepers in conflict zones, should learn to uphold the human rights of member of their host communities with an eye not to look down on women in any bit.Cases have shown where women are receiving inhuman or less treatment from them.   Designed peace and reconstruction programmes must show that women are not just mere entities but participants in such communities.

nerve supply Essays

nerve supply Essays nerve supply Essay nerve supply Essay Sympathetic nerve supply- the sympathetic nervous supply is apart of ther autonomis nervous system the sympathetic nerves start from the spinal column and carry on to the middle of the spinal cord called the lateral horn. It starts at the spinal cords first segment and goes on to the lumbard segment, the main function of the sympathetic nerve supply is the mobilization of the nervous system to have a response. The sympathetic nerve supply increases heart rate, contraction and also blood pressure. Parasympathetic nerve supply- the parasympathetic nerve supply is pposite to the sympathetic as the parasympathetic decreases heart rate, contraction, and blood pressure. The system is responsible for stimulation of the body when it is resting especially after eating, digestion, sexual arousal, tears and also waste. The recommened blood sugar levels for a non diabetic 4-5. 9 mmol/l and for diabetic individuals there recommened blood sugar levels before meals should be around 4-7 mmol/l. If the body has a lot of glucose in the blood than the body will realease insulin into the blood, insulin is used by the body as a hormone that turns ost of the food we eat into energy and insulin helps our body store energy that we can use ata later date when the body needs it. After we eat a meal insulin causes the sugar that we receive from our food to go from the blood to all of the bodys cells to make sugar,fat and also protein. Insulin is produced by our own insulin that is made in the pancreas gland or taken by injection. And if blood glucose levels fall glucagon is realeased into the blood stream to raise blood glucose levels and this is a part of homeostasis. at I have written about so far I would say are both strengths of homeostasis because when the body has been in these states homeostasis has kicked In to regulate these problems, for example when the body is cold homeostasis works as it allows the body to shiver which in turn warms up the body, and also when the body has been low on sugar it ensures that the correct things happen so that the bodys blood sugar levels can return to how they should be. Another strength of homeostasis is that it controls respiratory rate

Free Essays on Treatment Of Indigenous People

Many reasons were given to justify what was done to the indigenous groups of America during the age of colonization and discovery. There is no real way to now know which reasons were the real reasons and which ones were just rationalizations. Christianity was used almost as an excuse for their actions and in reality was forced upon the Indians who at the time already had their own religious belief systems. Spain and Portugal, being as extreme in their Catholicism as they were, strongly believed in â€Å"white man’s burden† to find new souls that needed to be saved even if it meant the destruction and enslavement of entire civilizations. As religious as they were, it was not their primary goal to convert the â€Å"savages† to Christianity, but to justify their mercantilism with a higher, moral, and divine goal. The main motives for the Portuguese and Spanish exploration and colonization were predominantly economic, such as finding new territories for resources an d raw materials, new labor to cultivate these resources, and somebody to sell the finished products to. A cycle that benefits the motherland but diminishes the colonies. By the mid-fifteenth century most of the European countries developed a system of mercantilism that could only exist if a country had a favorable balance of trade. Since there was no way for two or more mercantilist countries to trade with each other while retaining the purpose of keeping their goods within their own country, many of these countries had to look for new markets somewhere else. Many countries promoted expeditions set to find new lands where they were yet unaware of mercantilism. Spain and Portugal were among the first ones to expand their influence beyond charted territories. The two countries even had a dispute over where each country had the power to establish colonies. Pope Alexander VI, a highly regarded figure in both Catholic countries, with the Treaty of Tordesillas, easily settled th... Free Essays on Treatment Of Indigenous People Free Essays on Treatment Of Indigenous People Many reasons were given to justify what was done to the indigenous groups of America during the age of colonization and discovery. There is no real way to now know which reasons were the real reasons and which ones were just rationalizations. Christianity was used almost as an excuse for their actions and in reality was forced upon the Indians who at the time already had their own religious belief systems. Spain and Portugal, being as extreme in their Catholicism as they were, strongly believed in â€Å"white man’s burden† to find new souls that needed to be saved even if it meant the destruction and enslavement of entire civilizations. As religious as they were, it was not their primary goal to convert the â€Å"savages† to Christianity, but to justify their mercantilism with a higher, moral, and divine goal. The main motives for the Portuguese and Spanish exploration and colonization were predominantly economic, such as finding new territories for resources an d raw materials, new labor to cultivate these resources, and somebody to sell the finished products to. A cycle that benefits the motherland but diminishes the colonies. By the mid-fifteenth century most of the European countries developed a system of mercantilism that could only exist if a country had a favorable balance of trade. Since there was no way for two or more mercantilist countries to trade with each other while retaining the purpose of keeping their goods within their own country, many of these countries had to look for new markets somewhere else. Many countries promoted expeditions set to find new lands where they were yet unaware of mercantilism. Spain and Portugal were among the first ones to expand their influence beyond charted territories. The two countries even had a dispute over where each country had the power to establish colonies. Pope Alexander VI, a highly regarded figure in both Catholic countries, with the Treaty of Tordesillas, easily settled th...

War of the third Coalition Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

War of the third Coalition - Research Paper Example The five articles were located using the Google search engine using key words such as â€Å"Third Coalition† and â€Å"Napoleon I.† Peer reviewed scholarly articles were excluded from the search results, along with encyclopaedia entries which were in any case usually rather superficial. The selected internet sources are briefly described in turn with an emphasis on deciding how accurate and useful they are for academic purposes. Text 1 â€Å"Napoleonic Wars† (FAMT, undated). This source is an aticle on the whole series of Napoleonic Wars which has a brief paragraph on each of the coalitions. There is no author mentioned, and no firm date, although the site does suggest that all articles have been written between 2008 and 2010. The most striking feature of the article is its breezy style, and use of imaginative and emotive language, for example â€Å"Napoleon taught the Austrians another lesson at the Battle of Ulm in 1805, but it didn’t last very longâ₠¬  (FAMT, undated, p.1) This kind of comment is not very specific, since the phrase â€Å"taught the Austrians another lesson† gives no quantitative details of troop numbers, or indication of tactics, or indeed any details at all about the apparently decisive Battle of Ulm. There are serious doubts about the objectivity of this article, and this can be seen both in the content and in the nature of the website which hosts it. The anonymous author’s conclusion is flagged as being controversial, and indeed the claim that â€Å"Anglosphere money power financed Napoleon’s remarkable career† (FAMT, undated, p.1) gives a hint that there is a hidden agenda. The author acknowledges that â€Å"this is not a popular view of Napoleon† (FAMT, undated, p.1) and hints that more research might produce evidence to support it! The website hosting the article is set up to resemble an information/news/reference site, modelled on a newspaper, as its title â€Å"The D aily Bell† suggests. Its express purpose appears to be â€Å"to promote and support the widespread advancement of laissez-faire economic principles† and this betrays a strong political and ideological bias. This site is not suitable as a secondary source for information on the Third Coalition and Napoleon but it is perhaps interesting as a primary source on the way contemporary political organisations are attempting to use the internet to re-write, or re-interpret history in order to support particular beliefs. Text 2 â€Å"The French Revolutionary & Napoleonic Wars† (Hickman, undated) This source is a formal narrative giving bare facts about the events in Napoleon’s career, including the War of the Third Coalition. It gives a few key dates, and provides hyperlinks for key persons and places such as â€Å"Lord Horatio Nelson† and â€Å"Trafalgar†, along with some images of classical works of art which illustrate scenes mentioned. As a histori cal source it is accurate, but much too superficial to be of any use to serious researchers. There are no sources given, and although there are further topic headings pointing the reader to other â€Å"Ask,com† pages, it is clear that this text is nothing more than a few bare facts with no analysis or theoretical debate. It is impossible also to check whether the author has selected the most important items to list, and indeed it could be argued that the extreme summary falsifies the complexity of the events described. One positive feature of the text is that the author’

Terrorist Activities & Community Members Assignment

Terrorist Activities & Community Members - Assignment Example However, the first major step is getting information from the community as this is the largest information gathering sector for law enforcement. Introduction Terrorist activities are planned crimes against the people in the form of bombings, fires, disruptions of services through electronic hacking, and in shootings of innocent people which cause injuries and death (EMD 2013). Other crimes may also be attached to terrorist activities in the form of robberies when terrorists commit these in order to build up financial funding for their endeavors. It is essential when law enforcement departments are setting up programs on surveying potential terrorism activities, that community members are also included in the process of observing specific activities and people who act suspiciously and could indicate a potential for an upcoming terrorist act (EMD 2013; SARA 2013). Training may also be included so that people understand what it is they must look for so as to report it correctly to law e nforcement members. 1. Some of the types of businesses that would be a hunting ground for terrorists are pawn shops that carry firearms for sale, old cell phones, huge amounts of hardware tools, nails, nuts and bolts, knapsacks and other cheap items; home improvement centers which carry everything listed above, new, but can be bought in huge quantities; libraries that have Internet access for information searches as an anonymous users, plus literature that can be reviewed for free without checking them out of the library (Smith 2008). Terrorists may also visit their target areas, such as stadiums, airports, specific high-risk government buildings such as town halls, or capital buildings, large hotels with international clientele, and well-known businesses (EMD 2013). New York City and Washington, D.C. both have a large number of buildings that are high-risk for terrorist attacks, such as the Financial District in New York City, and the Capital Building in Washington (Smith 2008). De pending on the type of terrorist, national or international, other businesses at risk are newspapers, hospitals, colleges, utility and nuclear plants, abortion and Planned Parenthood clinics, train and railroad centers, and Internet provider businesses (EMD 2013). 2. Businesses can be monitored by agreement and in partnership with the owners, who agree to hand over information about people and events that occur that might preclude an eventual attack. A pawn shop, for example, can inform the police if someone comes in and wants to purchase a large amount of old cell phones in the shop case. While some non-profit businesses do purchase these as part of a program for the elderly, the poor or for women who have been in abusive relationships and are being relocated elsewhere, normally, large purchases of these types would signal a potential for a terrorist who will use the phones as bomb detonators (EMD 2013). Internet connections can also be monitored, so long as a proper warrant has be en approved through regular channels, not only for what businesses are doing but also to observe customers’ communications or even if there is tampering from the outside that indicates hacking from a terrorist organization (Menn 2013). 3. If business owners and community members become suspicious

The Selection Process Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

The Selection Process - Research Paper Example retained, the organization will not improve at its best and will suffer at its worst (Snell, Morris & Bohlander, 2015).  Human resource managers and nurse managers play a critical role in the selection process of a health care organization. The expectation of the human resource is to see the selection process has been done in a fair and transparent manner in accordance with the missions and visions of the organization. The nurse manager expects to promote a positive image for healthcare organization by selecting the right people to the right positions (Van De Voorde, Paauwe & Van Veldhoven, 2012). This paper discusses the selection process in Mayo clinic healthcare organization. Mayo clinic is a non-profit organization located in Rochester, Minnesota. The clinic is very large and it is renowned throughout U. S and internationally (Smith, Saunders, Stuckhardt & McGinnis, 2013). In regard to this, the organization offers a lot of medical job opportunities to both U.S citizens and non-citizens. Recently, there is an open job position for a nurse practitioner. Since the organization is guided by its set missions and vision, the candidate who will qualify for the job must undergo the selection process. This selection process will involve nine steps that include; Preparing a new position or reviewing an existing position that might have changed or preparing a Job Description Questionnaire (JDQ). This step is significant as it lays the base for the following steps. In these steps, the human resource will be responsible to complete some of the steps. For example, the human personnel will be the one to understand the employment laws to guide the nurse manager about the hiring and selection process. He or she will be the one to announce the vacant position, prepare the interview questions and scoring criteria. Again, the person will be responsible for screening the applications, making the selection, and performing the reference checks (Swayne, Duncan& Ginter, 2012). On

Metacognition Student Achievement Essay Example for Free

Metacognition Student Achievement Essay Metacognition has generally been described as thinking about one’s own thoughts. The realization that a human being cannot exist in isolation of his inner self, that he is constantly probing that dam of his very essence to evaluate situations and resolve the never-ending puzzles that daily confront him. Kornell (2009), has described metacognition as self-reflection and conscious awareness. An even more elaborate definition is that given by Serendip (2009). He defines it as â€Å"a reflective practice that helps one discern general patterns in one’s own views and abilities†. Whichever definition one feels comfortable with, it cannot be said to be superior to the other, because metacognition deals with the intangible and cannot be weighed on a scale. It has, however, been the subject of widespread research all over the world. Psychologists are now asking themselves, what causes that tip of the tongue experience, when you are sure you know someone’s name but cannot recall it? Or what is at play when one conveys a feeling of uncertainty? Why is it that humans are able to have certain cognitive abilities that animals apparently do not have? For example, if asked what year America gained independence, one may readily recall with certainty, or one may say with complete uncertainty that he does not know. The answer may also lie in between, showing a certain degree of uncertainty by replying, for example, I think it was 1776. Whatever answer one gives, it demonstrates an ability to question one’s memory and experience. According to studies that have been done, this ability can be improved. Thus, the science of metacognition is now rampant, with studies being carried out on the cognitive abilities of monkeys, children, students, and ways in which they can be improved. Metacognition 2 One study which was carried out to test the cognitive abilities of rhesus monkeys, was that conducted by Kornell, Son Terrace (2007). In this trial, the monkeys were initially trained to select a given picture from a sample of six pictures by touching the image on a touch-screen monitor. After this training period, they were shown six sample pictures which were then simultaneously removed and replaced with nine, one of the previous six being among them. As soon as they selected the sample they thought was among the previous six, they were required to bet on their choice by depressing an icon on the screen for certainty, with a reward of redeemable food tokens, or loss of tokens, if wrong. A further icon for a low risk bet was also there. After carrying out this experiment for a suitable period of time, they concluded that the monkeys would invariably only bet when they were sure that they knew the correct answer. The researchers were therefore of the opinion that the monkeys were guided by a cognitive ability. They also tested two monkeys on metacognitive control. This is the ability to use metacognitive ability to influence behavior. An example would be requesting for a hint when one is unsure of an answer, a common trait with humans. In this trial, two monkeys were presented with a few sample pictures to place in a certain order. They were also availed of onscreen visual hints if they needed. The penalty for using the hints was a less appetizing banana flavored pellet, instead of the more attractive MM candy. As the test progressed, it became apparent that the monkeys were using the hints less and less, and would only resort to them when they were sure that they did not know the right answer. This ability to have control over one’s metacognitive ability had been tested on humans for many years, and it was only now that it was becoming clear that it was also present in animals. However, how prevalent this is among them, cannot be clear and it cannot be generalized from this study that only involved rhesus monkeys. Metacognition 3 Smith Washbum (2005) have taken animal research a notch higher and carried out trials that probe the memory, referred to as monitoring the memory. In the test, animals which were given various tasks to do based on what they had done before, declined to engage in the more difficult tasks, a result that was the same as similar tests carried out on humans. The animals were selective and seemed to have the same analogous capacity as human. There was no doubt that they were using their metacognitive abilities to seek in their memories, and when they remembered that the task was arduous, they declined to take the test. Kornell Terrace (2007) also carried out some trials seeking to find out if monkeys benefited from learning. They did this with two rhesus monkeys which were given two problem sets to solve. In one difficult set, they were given hints to assist them after a suitable training period. In the other set, they were given no hints. The number of hints they used to solve the problem set steadily declined over time, the performance, however, did not change, it stayed the same. The monkeys were solving the problem with skills they had acquired from the hints and were using them less and less because they had â€Å"learned†. This is fascinating and opens up very interesting questions about the training of animals. There are other areas of animal metacognitive behavior which have been studied. Hampton, R (2009), carried out studies on rhesus monkeys to determine if they made decisions when they had information, or sought information when ignorant and immediately made a decision. The results were quite revealing. They carried out two sets of tests. In one test, the monkeys witnessed food being inserted into some opaque test tubes. These tests were referred to as the seen trials. In the other test, the food was inserted into test tubes without their knowledge. Metacognition 4 The monkeys were then required to identify the tubes which had food in them. In trial after trial, they would first look down the tubes to ascertain if the food was there and if it was, they selected the tube. What was evident from these tests is that the monkeys sought information first, by peering down the tubes, when ignorant, and only immediately selected the correct tubes without investigating, when they knew the food was there. That means they knew when they knew and only sought information when they knew that they did not know. This is a characteristic which is prevalent among human children, orangutans and rhesus monkeys. It is, however, not clear with capuchin monkeys when they were exposed to a similar trial about a decade before. There is room for more research on animals. According to Smith Washbum, a lot needs to be investigated regarding the gifts different animals have. For example, monkeys and dolphins seem to exhibit more cognitive abilities than pigeons, whose reactions appear to be more stimulus based. Further research in this area can yield very important information which may stimulate a whole spectrum of research into cognitive abilities of different animal specie. Additionally, there is a lot of room into studies on the ability or lack of ability of animals to make quantitative judgements, for example, their mood. Metacognitive abilities is also a subject of importance in developing learning capabilities for children. Loh, A (2009), has made suggestions on methods to use to improve metacognition learning for children as young as two year olds. Since parents spend the most amount time with children of this age, they are best placed to practice the techniques recommended by Loh. He says that children should be encouraged to think about their thinking process in order to develop their intellect and intelligence. Children should be engaged, soon after an activity, to gauge their Metacognition 5 thinking process and the techniques they used for a task. Immediately after this activity, they should be asked certain questions, for example : 1. They should be asked about the process they used to achieve the result. This way, they will recall the steps and learn the process. 2. What strategies did they use? This will engage them actively in the thinking process by beginning to adopt strategic thinking of alternative techniques they can use to achieve better results. 3. What do they think about the end result? Is it good or bad? This will help them to evaluate their work. 4. Offer them puzzling tasks that have more than one solution. This exposes them to cognitive conflicts 5. Engage them in debates and discussions with other children 6. Allow them to practice reciprocal teaching where they form groups and one child teaches members of his group. 7. Once they engage on a task, allow them to continue undisturbed. Help them with clues if they get stuck. Further, they can be assisted with questions that will incline them to probe their mind even more, for example, what they learned from the task and what they found difficult. Additionally, they can be probed to find out if they have a next goal and what will help them to achieve it. Metacognition 6 There has been more research in the field of metacognitive abilities of children. Young children’s understanding of mental life, or â€Å"theory of mind†, is an area that is currently being explored by various scientists. According to science daily (2008), a new study had made a link between theory of mind as assessed in kindergarten children and their metacognitive abilities in elementary school. Early theory of mind competencies positively influenced metacognitive abilities acquired later. 174 children between the ages of three and four were used as study subjects to investigate this relationship. Wolfgang Schneider, P. H. D. , of the University of Wurzburg, who carried out the trial, said that knowledge from this research can be used to develop training programs for young children. For all the progress that has been done on metacognition in animals and children, none can rival that of learners. The Elementary Teachers Federation of Ontario (2009), says that students with metacognitive needs have difficulties in setting priorities and planning their tasks. Additionally: 1. They are poor at strategizing in order to accomplish a task methodically 2. They procrastinate and are unable to start their work. 3. They are inattentive and make careless mistakes. 4. They are not able to identify their faults or know how to seek help. With these type of students they recommend the following teaching strategies : 1. Teachers should tutor them on how to plan and show them the scoring rubric for the assignment. 2. They should be taught on estimation of time needed to complete a task. 3. They should be assisted with think-aloud strategies. Metacognition 7 4. They should be cajoled to get engaged actively in their work by asking them how they are doing the work and how they will remember to solve the problem. 5. Teachers should be specific in their assignments to students by providing scoring rubrics for each question and how they have been calculated. However, Pierce (2004), dealt even deeper in metacognition for students. He was of the opinion that study strategies were generalized and teachers did not teach them in class. They assumed that students had already learned them. When they taught a strategy, students used the same strategy taught for all subjects. According to him, students needed to acquire three types of knowledge in order to improve their metacognitive abilities. These are : 1. Declarative knowledge which is having at their grasp factual information, for example, speed is distance divided by time taken. 2. Procedural knowledge which is knowing how to do something. Using the previous example of speed, they should know the formula for speed and the steps required in its calculation. 3. Conditional knowledge – This is knowing when to use a certain procedure and why one strategy is better than another. In applying the three types of knowledge for study strategies for example, students need declarative knowledge to know that a high school history textbook is different from an article analyzing the same textbook. They need procedural knowledge to take notes from such a textbook and conditional knowledge to know when such notes should be taken. According to Pierce, study techniques improve learning but are hardly ever taught. Additionally, many students do not internalize success as caused by ability and effort. Metacognition 8 Lippman, Danielsson Linder (2005), differed slightly with some researchers of metacognition. They claimed that most studies taught metacognitive skills and then measured the effects of training. Instead, they should quantify the use of metacognition. In a study that they carried out at an American university, their aim was to find out how much metacognition is used in a laboratory and how the setup encourages the use of metacognition. Three groups of students were used and their proceedings videotaped and their verbal comments recorded. In one group, students were given a set of instructions to follow. The same was done for the second group and in addition, they were expected to explain their reason. The third group was given a question to answer and expected to explain, in a presentation, the method they had used to get results. In analyzing the results, Lippman et al (2005) saw no difference in the amount of metacognition in the different groups. However, the most important finding was that there was a difference in how metacognition made students change their behavior in tackling the lab assignments. For example, in the third group, the verbal exchanges revealed that the use of metacognition made the students more creative. This was a different approach as was the one used by Mevarech Kramarski (2003). In this study, 100 eighth graders, studying algebra in four classrooms, were divided into two groups. One group was exposed to cooperative learning and also given metacognitive training. The other group was given cooperative learning but without metacognitive training. At issue was mathematical modeling and problem solving skills. After tasks to perform were given, the results showed that the group which had been given metacognitive training did outperformed the other that only had a cooperative setting. There was significant difference with the two groups with regard to planning, processing and reflection. They concluded that the cooperative Metacognition 9 setting is not enough to enhance modeling skills. Metacognitive skills are important in how to approach a problem, how to control and monitor the solution and how to reflect on the final answer. As a result of such studies, Mevarech Kramarski (2003) designed the learning tool called IMPROVE, whose letters stand for : Introducing the new material Metacognitive questioning Practicing Reviewing Obtaining mastery on higher and lower cognitive processes Verification Enrichment and remedial The important thing in IMPROVE is the approach in problem solving. Students are able to approach a scenario with a systematic method which first and foremost addresses the question of what is the issue at hand. They then investigate to find out how different the problem is from others and what the best strategies are to solve it. As can be seen from all the studies mentioned, metacognition is an area of development that has a lot of room for growth. Animals which have been shown to have metacognitive abilities can be researched further in order to discover if this is something widespread within the animal kingdom, and if not, then what actually determines metacognition of a species. With children too, the theory of the mind is interesting and further studies should be carried out to determine if there are other areas of their lives that can benefit from improved research on Metacognition 10 metacognition. For example, are high levels of metacognition genetic? Does diet affect levels of metacognition? What role does disease play in metacognition? It would also be interesting to see new research in the study techniques of students. More than anyone else, their place in society is critical because they take over reins in business, government and the civil society within only a few years after leaving college. Their overall performance in school is therefore a top priority. Of serious concern should be when study techniques should begin to be taught and how they would be standardized. Additionally, quantifying the use of metacognition as advocated for by Lippman (2005), needs to generate more study. If his research is anything to go by, then the approach to metacognition training must also address, not just the amount of metacognition ability gained, but also how it is channeled to productive use. This is an area that can prove very challenging and rewarding because teaching metacognition techniques is one thing, but being able to teach the type of techniques that can produce quantifiable measures cannot be easy. However, it is possible that the same metacognition graduates will discover new methods and strategies to impart more abilities in metacognition. Metacognition 11 References Elementary Teachers Federation of Ontario (2009). Metacognitive Skills. Retrieved on July 29, 2009 from http://www. etfo. ca/Multimedia/Webcasts/SpecialEducation/Pages/Metacognitive%20Skills. aspx Hampton, R (2009). Multiple demonstrations of metacognition in nonhumans: Converging evidence or multiple mechanisms? Retrieved on July 29, 2009 from http://psyc. queensu. ca/ccbr/Vol4/Hampton.pdf. Kornell, Nate (2009, February). Metacognition in Humans and Animals. Retrieved on July 29, 2009 from http://www3. interscience. wiley. com/cgi-bin/fulltext/122212734/HTMLSTART Lippmann, K. , Danielsson, A. Linder, C. (2005, August). Metacognition in the student Laboratory : Is increased metacognition necessarily better? Retrieved July 29, 2009 from http://www. anst. uu. se/rekun676/meta. pdf Loh, A (2009, July). Using Metacognition Learning to Make Children Smarter. Retrieved on July 29, 209 from http://www. brainy-child. com/articles/metacognition-learning.shtml Mevarech Z. Kramarski, B. ( 2003). Mathematical Modeling and Meta-cognitive Instruction. Retrieved on July 29, 2009 from http://www. icme-organisers. dk/tsg18/S32MevarechKramarski. pdf Metacognition 12 Mevarech, Z. Kramarski, B. (2003). Metacognitive Questioning and the use of Worked Examples. Retrieved July 29, 2009 from http://www. memory-key. com/StudySkills/IMPROVE. htm Peirce, W (2004, November). METACOGNITION: Study Strategies, Monitoring, and Motivation. Retrieved on July 29, 2009, from http://academic. pgcc. edu/~wpeirce/MCCCTR/metacognition.htm ScienceDaily (2008, August). Young Childrens Theory Of Mind Linked To Subsequent Metacognitive Development In Adolescence. Retrieved on July 29, 2009 from http://www. sciencedaily. com/releases/2008/08/080814154429. htm Serendip (2009). Metacognition. Retrieved July 29, 2009 from http://serendip. brynmawr. edu/exchange/wfrankli/ii09/metacognition Smith, D Washbum, D. (2005, February). Uncertainty Monitoring and Metacognition by Animals. Retrieved July 29, 2009 from http://www3. interscience. wiley. com/cgi-bin/fulltext/118706297/HTMLSTART

Ethical Decision Making Models Essay -- Ethics

Introduction Ethical responsibilities are relevant in business, education, and other institutions and communities. In seeking a higher education position, making ethical decisions will be significant. Assessing ethical conduct is a key element to improving the resolution of ethical conflicts. Asking questions and surveying individuals in the medical field, businesses, colleges, and other areas will provide useful information about the impact and influence of ethical conduct. Empirical research indicates various factors influence and affect ethical behavior. Family and religion play a dominant role in producing positive ethical decisions, especially as people get older. Graduates and business executives’ perceptions inform researchers about the need for more ethical decision-making role models in business and the nursing community. Effective leadership demonstrates ethical characteristics for optimal decision-making. Studies Ellie Kaucher (2010) conducted a study to examine moral and immoral behavior, in order to establish guidelines for acceptable behavior. She explored ethical decision-making to see the relationship to effective leadership. Also, common characteristics of effective and ethical educational leaders were identified as honesty, integrity, and motivation. Results indicated effective educational leaders are sensitive to subordinates’ needs, provide support and advocate for all students, and are accountable for student success and achievement. Educational leaders who are effective and demonstrate ethical responsibilities create learning environments that are ethical, visionary, motivational, and people-centered. Learning about ethical issues and ethical decision-making models could help develop e... ...., & Ulrich, T. A. (1988). A Longitudinal Survey of Business School Graduates' Assessments of Business Ethics. Journal of Business Ethics, 7(4), 295-302. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Cameron, M. E., Schaffer, M. M., & Park, H. A. (2001). Nursing Students' Experience of Ethical Problems and Use of Ethical Decision-Making Models. Nursing Ethics, 8(5), 432-447. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Herndon Jr., N. C. (1996). A new context for ethics education objectives in a college of business: Ethical decision-making models. Journal of Business Ethics, 15(5), 501-510. Retrieved from EBSCOhost. Kaucher, E. (2010). Ethical decision making and effective leadership. Ed.D. dissertation, Alliant International University, San Diego, California. Retrieved March 28, 2011, from Dissertations & Theses: The Humanities and Social Sciences Collection. (Publication No. AAT 3401776).

Myths and Realities Essay -- Philosophy Learning Essays

Myths and Realities At least since the 1990 publication of Senge's The Fifth Discipline, the concept of the learning organization (LO) has been promoted as a way to restructure organizations to meet the challenges of the coming century. What are learning organizations-in theory and in practice? Are they a real solution or the latest in a series of reform fads? The myths and realities are explored in this publication. Getting a Grip on the Learning Organization Of course, there is not yet a consensus on the definition of a learning organization. Any type of organization can be a learning organization-businesses, educational institutions, nonprofits, community groups. Some authors agree that LOs start with the assumptions that learning is valuable, continuous, and most effective when shared and that every experience is an opportunity to learn. LOs have the following characteristics (Calvert et al. 1994; Watkins and Marsick 1993): They provide continuous learning opportunities. They use learning to reach their goals. They link individual performance with organizational performance. They foster inquiry and dialogue, making it safe for people to share openly and take risks. They embrace creative tension as a source of energy and renewal. They are continuously aware of and interact with their environment. Senge's "five disciplines" are the keys to achieving this type of organization: personal mastery, mental models, shared vision, team learning, and systems thinking. According to Senge, the fifth, systems thinking, is the most important and underlies the rest. Of course, in a sense "organizations" do not learn, the people in them do, and individual learning may go on all the time. What is different a... ...(ERIC No. EJ 483 293) Smith, G. J., and Stodden, R. A. "Restructuring Vocational Special Needs Education through Interdisciplinary Team Effort." Journal for Vocational Special Needs Education16, no. 3 (Spring 1994): 16-23. (ERIC No. EJ 482 768) Solomon, C. M. "HR Facilitates the Learning Organization Concept." Personnel Journal 73, no. 11 (November 1994): 56-66. Watkins, K. E., and Marsick, V. J. Sculpting the Learning Organization. San Francisco: Jossey-Bass, 1993. West, P. "The Learning Organization: Losing the Luggage in Transit?" Journal of European Industrial Training18, no. 11 (1994): 30-38. (ERIC No. EJ 497 198) West, W. "Learning Organizations: A Critical Review." In Proceedings of the Midwest Research-to-Practice Conference,edited by L. Martin. Madison: University of Wisconsin, 1994. (ERIC Document Reproduction Service No. ED 378 359)